Prognosis and mortality of systemic lupus erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) can be severe and is associated with increased mortality from a variety of causes, including disease activity (in particular when vital organs or systems are involved), complications of treatment (e.g., infections), and chronic comorbidities (e.g., cardiovascular disease). Research on mortality in SLE has grown considerably over the years, with more studies demonstrating disparities according to age, sex, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. This chapter will review current understanding of SLE prognosis and survival.